The mole concept plays a fundamental role in chemistry, enabling scientists to quantify substances and facilitating various applications, from stoichiometry in chemical reactions to drug formulation in pharmacology.
Consider the following chemical equation, which is the combustion of methane to give carbon dioxide and water:
It clearly states that 1 molecule of methane reacts with 2 molecules of oxygen to give 1 molecule of carbon dioxide and 2 molecules of water. Since the reactant ratio of 1:2 results in a product ratio of 1:2, we can say that 1 mole of methane reacts with 2 moles of oxygen to yield 1 mole of carbon dioxide and 2 moles of water when considering the equation from a macroscopic perspective. For convenience, you may treat all chemical equations as if they are written from a macroscopic viewpoint, meaning that the numbers in front of chemical formulas represent moles (molar format). Note that the number ‘1’ is not added in front of CH4 and CO2 because it is redundant. The letters in parentheses indicate the physical states of the molecules: (g) for gaseous, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous.
Question 1
With reference to eq3, how many moles of CO2 are produced from 1 mole of CH4 and 1.5 moles of O2?
Answer 1
From eq3, 2 moles of O2 react with 1 mole of CH4 to give 1 mole of CO2 and 2 moles of water. So, 1.5 moles of O2 must react with only 1.5/2 moles of CH4 to give 1.5/2 moles of CO2 and 1.5 moles of water. There will be an excess of 1 – (1.5/2) = 0.5/2 moles of CH4 that is unreacted. Note that O2 is the limiting reactant in this example, i.e. the chemical that is totally consumed when the reaction is complete.
Let’s try another one.
Question 2
How many oxygen atoms are there in two moles of sulphate ions, SO42-, and how many moles of SO42- are there in 5g of CaSO4?
Answer 2
In one ion of SO42-, there are 1 atom of sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen (note that the superscript “2-” refers to the charge of the ion). In one mole of SO42-, there are 1 mole of sulphur and 4 moles of oxygen. Using eq1,
number (of atoms) = number of moles x 6.02 x 1023
number (of oxygen atoms) = 2 x 4 x 6.02 x 1023
Therefore, there are 4.82 x 1024 atoms of oxygen in two moles of SO42-. 1 mole of CaSO4 contains 1 mole of SO42-. Using eq2 where , the number of moles of SO42- in 5g of CaSO4 is: